Mario Amaya v. DGS Construction, LLC
JOSE AMADEO CASTILLO |
WHITING-TURNER CONTRACTING COMPANY |
MARIO ERNESTO AMAYA and JOSE NORLAND GONZALEZ |
DGS CONSTRUCTION, LLC, d/b/a Schuster Concrete Construction |
22-1189 |
February 25, 2022 |
U.S. Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit |
Labor/Management Relations Act |
Opinions
We have the following opinions for this case:
Description |
---|
Mario Amaya v. DGS Construction, LLC |
Docket Report
This docket was last retrieved on May 30, 2023. A more recent docket listing may be available from PACER.
Document Text |
---|
Filing 77 Mandate issued. Referencing: [ # 71 ] unpublished authored Opinion , [ # 72 ] Judgment Order. Originating case number: 8:16-cv-03350-TDC. [1001375522] [22-1189, 22-1232] RE [Entered: 05/30/2023 11:07 AM] |
Filing 76 COURT ORDER filed denying Motion for rehearing [ # 74 ]. Copies to all parties. [1001370156] [22-1189, 22-1232] RE [Entered: 05/19/2023 09:17 AM] |
Filing 75 Mandate temporarily stayed pending ruling on petition for rehearing or rehearing en banc. [1001362439] [22-1189, 22-1232] RE [Entered: 05/05/2023 11:48 AM] |
Filing 74 PETITION for rehearing by Mario Ernesto Amaya and Jose Norland Gonzalez in 22-1189, 22-1232. [1001362429] [22-1189, 22-1232] Erika White [Entered: 05/05/2023 11:39 AM] |
Filing 73 ORDER filed denying Motion to supplement [ # 43 ]. Copies to all parties. [1001353813] [22-1189, 22-1232] RE [Entered: 04/21/2023 12:41 PM] |
Filing 72 JUDGMENT ORDER filed. Decision: Affirmed. Originating case number: 8:16-cv-03350-TDC. Entered on Docket Date: 04/21/2023. Copies to all parties and the district court/agency. [1001353811] [22-1189, 22-1232] RE [Entered: 04/21/2023 12:39 PM] |
Filing 71 UNPUBLISHED AUTHORED OPINION filed. Originating case number: 8:16-cv-03350-TDC. Copies to all parties and the district court/agency. [1001353806] [22-1189, 22-1232] RE [Entered: 04/21/2023 12:36 PM] |
Filing 70 ORAL ARGUMENT HEARD heard before the Honorable J. Harvie Wilkinson, III, Pamela A. Harris and Allison J. Rushing. Attorneys arguing case: Christopher Curtis Dahl for Appellant DGS Construction, LLC and Steven Michael Pavsner for Appellees Mario Ernesto Amaya and Jose Norland Gonzalez in 22-1189. Courtroom Deputy: Jocelyn Mitchell Manion. [1001329727] [22-1189, 22-1232] JM [Entered: 03/10/2023 11:47 AM] |
Filing 69 Receipt of paper copy of SUPPLEMENTAL APPENDIX filed at [ # 68 ] by DGS Construction, LLC in 22-1189. Sealed volume: No. Total number of volumes (including any sealed): 1 (volume 12). Total number of pages in all volumes: 168. CD/DVD/Other exhibit? N. Number of Copies: [4]. Received by clerk date: 03/09/2023. [1001329340] [22-1189, 22-1232] TB [Entered: 03/09/2023 04:26 PM] |
Filing 68 SUPPLEMENTAL JOINT APPENDIX by DGS Construction, LLC in 22-1189, 22-1232. Digital media exhibit volume? No. [1001328105] [22-1189, 22-1232] Jennifer Curry [Entered: 03/08/2023 12:42 PM] |
Filing 67 COURT ORDER filed granting Motion to file supplemental appendix [ # 66 ] in 22-1189, granting Motion to file supplemental appendix [ # 1001326134-2 ] in 22-1232. Copies to all parties. [1001327698] [22-1189, 22-1232] RE [Entered: 03/07/2023 03:40 PM] |
Filing 66 Joint MOTION by Mario Ernesto Amaya and Jose Norland Gonzalez to file supplemental appendix. Date and method of service: 03/03/2023 ecf. [1001326063] [22-1189]--[Edited to correct relief 03/03/2023 by TF]--[Edited 03/03/2023 by AB to modify relief and docket text] Brian Markovitz [Entered: 03/03/2023 12:51 PM] |
Filing 65 ORAL ARGUMENT ACKNOWLEDGMENT by DGS Construction, LLC in 22-1189, 22-1232. Counsel arguing: Christopher C. Dahl. Opening argument time: 15 minutes. Rebuttal argument time: 5 minutes. .. [1001312847] [22-1189, 22-1232] Christopher Dahl [Entered: 02/08/2023 12:14 PM] |
Filing 64 ORAL ARGUMENT ACKNOWLEDGMENT by Mario Ernesto Amaya in 22-1189. Counsel arguing: Steven M. Pavsner. Answering argument time: 15 minutes. Rebuttal argument time: 5 minutes. .. [1001311072] [22-1189, 22-1232] Steven Pavsner [Entered: 02/06/2023 11:32 AM] |
Filing 62 CASE CALENDARED for oral argument. Date: 03/10/2023. Session Starting Time: 8:30 am. Entrance: 1000 Bank Street. Room: Room 222 (Attorney Registration). Check-in Time: 7:45-8:00 am. Forms due within 7 calendar days. [1001308813] [22-1189, 22-1232] JLC [Entered: 02/01/2023 04:40 PM] |
Filing 61 Attorney Stephen Michael Silvestri for DGS Construction, LLC in 22-1189 and DGS Construction, LLC in 22-1232 terminated from case. Reason for termination: Not participating. [1001304221] [22-1189, 22-1232] RE [Entered: 01/25/2023 09:08 AM] |
Filing 56 Attorney Mary Margaret McCudden for DGS Construction, LLC in 22-1189 terminated from case. Reason for termination: Change of employment. [1001297198] [22-1189, 22-1232] RE [Entered: 01/11/2023 12:44 PM] |
Filing 55 CASE TENTATIVELY CALENDARED for oral argument during the March 7-10, 2023 argument session. Counsel shall file 4 paper copies of their briefs and appendices within 7 days. Notify Clerk's Office of any scheduling conflict by: 01/17/2023. [1001296407] [22-1189, 22-1232] JLC [Entered: 01/10/2023 01:55 PM] |
Filing 60 Receipt of paper copy of REPLY BRIEF filed at [ # 53 ] by Mario Ernesto Amaya and Jose Norland Gonzalez in 22-1189, 22-1232. Number of pages: [29]. Sufficient: Yes. Number of Copies: [4]. Received by clerk date: 01/17/2023. [1001301151] [22-1189, 22-1232] RP [Entered: 01/19/2023 09:49 AM] |
Filing 53 BRIEF by Mario Ernesto Amaya and Jose Norland Gonzalez in 22-1189, 22-1232. Type of Brief: REPLY. [1001284394] [22-1189, 22-1232] Erika White [Entered: 12/16/2022 09:14 AM] |
Filing 52 Docket correction requested from Mario Ernesto Amaya and Jose Norland Gonzalez in 22-1189, 22-1232. Re: [ # 51 ] memorandum reply brief , [ # 50 ] memorandum reply brief. Access to memorandum reply brief , memorandum reply brief has been restricted to case participants. [1001284349] [22-1189, 22-1232] RE [Entered: 12/16/2022 08:44 AM] |
Filing 51 (ENTRY RESTRICTED) MEMORANDUM REPLY BRIEF by Mario Ernesto Amaya and Jose Norland Gonzalez in 22-1232, 22-1189. [1001284307] --[Edited 12/16/2022 by RE-See ECF No. 53] [22-1232, 22-1189] Erika White [Entered: 12/15/2022 08:55 PM] |
Filing 50 (ENTRY RESTRICTED) MEMORANDUM REPLY BRIEF by Jose Norland Gonzalez and Mario Ernesto Amaya in 22-1232, 22-1189. [1001284300] --[Edited 12/16/2022 by RE-See ECF No. 53] [22-1232, 22-1189] Timothy Maloney [Entered: 12/15/2022 05:58 PM] |
Filing 49 REPLY by DGS Construction, LLC in 22-1189 to [ # 45 ].. [1001269864] [22-1189, 22-1232] Jennifer Curry [Entered: 11/21/2022 06:09 PM] |
Filing 48 ORDER filed granting Motion to extend filing time [ # 47 ]. Number of days granted: 14. Reply brief due 12/15/2022. No paper copies required unless case has been tentatively calendared or copies otherwise ordered. Copies to all parties. [1001266607] [22-1189, 22-1232] RE [Entered: 11/16/2022 08:00 AM] |
Filing 47 MOTION by Mario Ernesto Amaya and Jose Norland Gonzalez in 22-1189 to extend filing time for reply brief.. Date and method of service: 11/15/2022 ecf. [1001266510] [22-1189, 22-1232] Erika White [Entered: 11/15/2022 04:36 PM] |
Filing 46 ORDER filed deferring action on Motion to supplement filed by Appellant DGS Construction, LLC, Appellee DGS Construction, LLC [ # 43 ]. Copies to all parties. [1001265776] [22-1189, 22-1232] RE [Entered: 11/15/2022 09:53 AM] |
Filing 45 RESPONSE/ANSWER by Mario Ernesto Amaya and Jose Norland Gonzalez in 22-1189 to [ # 44 ], [ # 43 ]. Nature of response: in opposition. [1001265488] [22-1189, 22-1232] Brian Markovitz [Entered: 11/14/2022 04:41 PM] |
Filing 58 Receipt of paper copy of RESPONSE/REPLY BRIEF filed at [ # 42 ] by DGS Construction, LLC in 22-1189, 22-1232. Number of pages: [54]. Sufficient: Yes. Number of Copies: [4]. Received by clerk date: 01/17/2023. [1001301139] [22-1189, 22-1232] RP [Entered: 01/19/2023 09:45 AM] |
Filing 44 NOTICE ISSUED to Mario Ernesto Amaya and Jose Norland Gonzalez in 22-1189, 22-1232 requesting response to Motion to supplement [ # 43 ]. Response due 11/21/2022. [1001264423]. [22-1189, 22-1232] RE [Entered: 11/10/2022 04:26 PM] |
Filing 43 MOTION by DGS Construction, LLC in 22-1189, 22-1232 to supplement record Motion to Supplement the Record and for Judicial Notice. Date and method of service: 11/10/2022 ecf. [1001264358] [22-1189, 22-1232] Jennifer Curry [Entered: 11/10/2022 03:32 PM] |
Filing 42 BRIEF by DGS Construction, LLC in 22-1189, 22-1232. Type of Brief: RESPONSE/REPLY. [1001264350] [22-1189, 22-1232] Jennifer Curry [Entered: 11/10/2022 03:30 PM] |
Filing 59 Receipt of paper copy of OPENING/RESPONSE BRIEF filed at [ # 41 ] by Mario Ernesto Amaya and Jose Norland Gonzalez in 22-1189, 22-1232. Number of pages: [61]. Number of copies: [4]. Received by clerk date: 01/17/2023. [1001301143] [22-1189, 22-1232] RP [Entered: 01/19/2023 09:47 AM] |
Filing 41 BRIEF by Mario Ernesto Amaya and Jose Norland Gonzalez in 22-1189, 22-1232. Type of Brief: OPENING/RESPONSE. [1001219587] [22-1189, 22-1232] Erika White [Entered: 08/26/2022 04:28 PM] |
Filing 40 Docket correction requested from Mario Ernesto Amaya and Jose Norland Gonzalez in 22-1189, 22-1232. Re: [ # 39 ] brief. Access to brief has been restricted to case participants. [1001219534] [22-1189, 22-1232] RE [Entered: 08/26/2022 04:07 PM] |
Filing 39 (ENTRY RESTRICTED) BRIEF by Mario Ernesto Amaya and Jose Norland Gonzalez in 22-1189, 22-1232. Type of Brief: OPENING. [1001219515] --[Edited 08/26/2022 by RE-See ECF No. 41] [22-1189, 22-1232] Erika White [Entered: 08/26/2022 03:57 PM] |
Filing 38 ORDER filed granting Motion to withdraw/relieve/substitute counsel [ # 37 ]. Copies to all parties. [1001217072] [22-1189, 22-1232] RE [Entered: 08/23/2022 03:29 PM] |
Filing 37 MOTION by DGS Construction, LLC in 22-1189, 22-1232 to withdraw/relieve/substitute counsel.Attorney or client motion? Attorney. Was a copy of the motion served on the defendant? N.. Date and method of service: 08/23/2022 ecf. [1001216747] [22-1189, 22-1232] Mary McCudden [Entered: 08/23/2022 11:23 AM] |
Filing 36 APPEARANCE OF COUNSEL by Christopher C. Dahl for DGS Construction, LLC in 22-1189, 22-1232. [1001214892] [22-1189, 22-1232] Christopher Dahl [Entered: 08/19/2022 09:51 AM] |
Filing 35 ORDER filed granting Motion to extend filing time [ # 34 ]. Number of days granted: 7. Opening/Response Brief Due: 08/26/2022. Response/Reply Brief Due 11/10/2022. No paper copies required unless case has been tentatively calendared or copies otherwise ordered. Copies to all parties. [1001214099] [22-1189, 22-1232] RE [Entered: 08/18/2022 09:05 AM] |
Filing 34 Joint MOTION by DGS Construction, LLC in 22-1189, 22-1232 to extend filing time for Briefing Schedule.. Date and method of service: 08/17/2022 ecf. [1001213780] [22-1189, 22-1232] Jennifer Curry [Entered: 08/17/2022 01:45 PM] |
Filing 33 APPEARANCE OF COUNSEL by Jennifer L. Curry for DGS Construction, LLC in 22-1189, 22-1232. [1001213247] [22-1189, 22-1232] Jennifer Curry [Entered: 08/16/2022 06:02 PM] |
Filing 32 ORDER filed granting Motion to extend filing time [ # 31 ]. Number of days granted: 45. Opening/Response Brief Due: 08/19/2022. Response/Reply Brief Due 09/19/2022. Paper copy requirements are temporarily suspended unless the case is under pre-argument review or being scheduled for argument, in which case a total of four paper copies of formal briefs and appendices are required. Copies to all parties. [1001184741] [22-1189, 22-1232] RE [Entered: 06/28/2022 12:08 PM] |
Filing 31 MOTION by Mario Ernesto Amaya and Jose Norland Gonzalez in 22-1189 to extend filing time for response brief.. Date and method of service: 06/28/2022 ecf. [1001184592] [22-1189, 22-1232] Brian Markovitz [Entered: 06/28/2022 10:50 AM] |
Filing 63 Receipt of paper copy of APPENDIX filed at [ # 30 ] by DGS Construction, LLC in 22-1189, 22-1232. Total number of volumes (including any sealed): [11]. Total number of pages in all volumes: [5976]. Total number of sealed volumes: 0. Sufficient? Yes. CD/DVD/Other exhibit? No. Number of copies: [4]. Received by clerk date: 01/17/2023. [1001310805] [22-1189, 22-1232] RE [Entered: 02/06/2023 07:58 AM] |
Filing 57 Receipt of paper copy of OPENING BRIEF filed at [ # 29 ] by DGS Construction, LLC in 22-1189. Number of pages: [57]. Sufficient: Yes. Number of copies: [4]. Received by clerk date: 01/17/2023. [1001301132] [22-1189, 22-1232] RP [Entered: 01/19/2023 09:42 AM] |
Filing 30 Corrected JOINT APPENDIX by DGS Construction, LLC. Digital media exhibit volume? No. [1001176060] [22-1189, 22-1232] Mary McCudden [Entered: 06/10/2022 12:03 PM] |
Filing 29 Corrected BRIEF by DGS Construction, LLC. Type of Brief: OPENING. [1001176059] [22-1189, 22-1232] Mary McCudden [Entered: 06/10/2022 12:01 PM] |
Filing 28 (ENTRY RESTRICTED) Corrected JOINT APPENDIX by DGS Construction, LLC. Digital media exhibit volume? No. [1001176026] --[Edited 06/10/2022 by RE-See ECF No. 30] [22-1189] Mary McCudden [Entered: 06/10/2022 11:28 AM] |
Filing 27 (ENTRY RESTRICTED) Corrected BRIEF by DGS Construction, LLC. Type of Brief: OPENING. [1001176018] --[Edited 06/10/2022 by RE-See ECF No. 29] [22-1189] Mary McCudden [Entered: 06/10/2022 11:23 AM] |
Filing 26 Docket correction requested from DGS Construction, LLC in 22-1189, 22-1232. Re: [ # 25 ] appendix. Access to appendix has been restricted to case participants. [1001172909] [22-1189, 22-1232] RE [Entered: 06/06/2022 09:52 AM] |
Filing 25 (ENTRY RESTRICTED) JOINT APPENDIX by DGS Construction, LLC in 22-1189. Digital media exhibit volume? No. [1001172756] --[Edited 06/10/2022 by RE-See ECF No. 30 in 22-1189 and No. 24 in 22-1232] [22-1189, 22-1232] Mary McCudden [Entered: 06/03/2022 05:11 PM] |
Filing 24 (ENTRY RESTRICTED) BRIEF by DGS Construction, LLC in 22-1189. Type of Brief: OPENING. [1001172755] --[Edited 06/10/2022 by RE-See ECF No. 29 in 22-1189 and No. 23 in 22-1232] [22-1189, 22-1232] Mary McCudden [Entered: 06/03/2022 05:09 PM] |
Filing 23 ORDER filed granting Motion to extend filing time [ # 22 ] in 22-1189. Number of days granted: 30. Opening brief and appendix due 06/03/2022. Opening/Response Brief Due: 07/05/2022. Response/Reply Brief Due 08/04/2022. Paper copy requirements are temporarily suspended unless the case is under pre-argument review or being scheduled for argument, in which case a total of four paper copies of formal briefs and appendices are required. Copies to all parties. [1001146858] [22-1189, 22-1232] RE [Entered: 04/15/2022 03:22 PM] |
Filing 22 MOTION by DGS Construction, LLC Mary M. McCudden, attorney for DGS Construction to extend filing time for opening brief and appendix until June 2, 2022.. Date and method of service: 04/15/2022 ecf. [1001146735] [22-1189] Mary McCudden [Entered: 04/15/2022 01:41 PM] |
Filing 21 BRIEFING ORDER filed. Name of Cross-Appeal Appellant for briefing purposes: DGS Construction, LLC. Paper copy requirements are temporarily suspended unless the case is under pre-argument review or being scheduled for argument, in which case a total of four paper copies of formal briefs and appendices are required. [1001133007] Opening Brief and Appendix due 05/02/2022. Opening/Response Brief Due: 06/01/2022. Response/Reply Brief Due 07/01/2022. [22-1189, 22-1232] RE [Entered: 03/23/2022 02:41 PM] |
Filing 20 DISCLOSURE STATEMENT by Jose Norland Gonzalez in 22-1189. Was any question on Disclosure Form answered yes? No [1001132131] [22-1189, 22-1232] Erika White [Entered: 03/22/2022 12:08 PM] |
Filing 19 (ENTRY RESTRICTED) DISCLOSURE STATEMENT by Mario Ernesto Amaya in 22-1189. Was any question on Disclosure Form answered yes? No [1001131802] --[Edited 03/22/2022 by RE-See ECF No. 18] [22-1232, 22-1189] Erika White [Entered: 03/22/2022 09:22 AM] |
Filing 18 DISCLOSURE STATEMENT by Mario Ernesto Amaya in 22-1189. Was any question on Disclosure Form answered yes? No [1001131800] --[Docket Text Edited 03/22/2022 by RE] [22-1189, 22-1232] Erika White [Entered: 03/22/2022 09:21 AM] |
Filing 17 DOCKETING STATEMENT by Mario Ernesto Amaya and Jose Norland Gonzalez.. [1001131511] [22-1232] Erika White [Entered: 03/21/2022 03:55 PM] |
Filing 16 DOCKETING FORMS FOLLOW-UP NOTICE ISSUED to Mario Ernesto Amaya and Jose Norland Gonzalez in 22-1189 re: filing of disclosure form. [1001131085] [22-1189, 22-1232] RE [Entered: 03/21/2022 10:46 AM] |
Filing 15 TRANSCRIPT ORDER ACKNOWLEDGMENT filed for Renee Ann Ewing. Identify by proceeding and date all transcript ordered from this court reporter: Voire Dire June 14, 2021, and Pretrial Conference June 10, 2021. Names of all parties ordering transcript from this reporter: DGS Construction, LLC..Originating case number: 8:16-cv-03350-TDC. [1001126648] Transcript due from Renee Ann Ewing, Official Court Reporter on 05/20/2022. [22-1189, 22-1232] RE [Entered: 03/14/2022 09:03 AM] |
Filing 14 ORDER filed rescinding briefing order. Copies to all parties. [1001126644] [22-1189, 22-1232] RE [Entered: 03/14/2022 08:59 AM] |
Filing 13 DOCKETING STATEMENT by DGS Construction, LLC.. [1001126383] [22-1189] Mary McCudden [Entered: 03/11/2022 04:13 PM] |
Filing 12 DISCLOSURE STATEMENT by DGS Construction, LLC in 22-1189, 22-1232. Was any question on Disclosure Form answered yes? Yes [1001126379] [22-1189, 22-1232] Mary McCudden [Entered: 03/11/2022 04:11 PM] |
Filing 11 APPEARANCE OF COUNSEL by Mary M. McCudden for DGS Construction, LLC in 22-1189, 22-1232. [1001126375] [22-1189, 22-1232] Mary McCudden [Entered: 03/11/2022 04:10 PM] |
Filing 10 APPEARANCE OF COUNSEL by Stephen M. Silvestri for DGS Construction, LLC in 22-1189, 22-1232. [1001126373] [22-1189, 22-1232] Stephen Silvestri [Entered: 03/11/2022 04:09 PM] |
Filing 9 APPEARANCE OF COUNSEL by Steven M. Pavsner for Mario Ernesto Amaya and Jose Norland Gonzalez in 22-1189. [1001125447] [22-1189, 22-1232] Steven Pavsner [Entered: 03/10/2022 04:19 PM] |
Filing 8 APPEARANCE OF COUNSEL by Brian J. Markovitz for Jose Norland Gonzalez and Mario Ernesto Amaya in 22-1189. [1001125442] [22-1189, 22-1232] Brian Markovitz [Entered: 03/10/2022 04:16 PM] |
Filing 7 APPEARANCE OF COUNSEL by Erika Jacobsen White for Jose Norland Gonzalez and Mario Ernesto Amaya in 22-1189. [1001125431] [22-1189, 22-1232] Erika White [Entered: 03/10/2022 04:13 PM] |
Filing 6 BRIEFING ORDER filed. Name of Cross-Appeal Appellant for briefing purposes: DGS CONSTRUCTION, LLC,. Mailed to: Courtney Woods. Paper copy requirements are temporarily suspended unless the case is under pre-argument review or being scheduled for argument, in which case a total of four paper copies of formal briefs and appendices are required. [1001122880] Opening Brief and Appendix due 04/18/2022. Opening/Response Brief Due: 05/18/2022. Response/Reply Brief Due 06/17/2022. [22-1189, 22-1232] RE [Entered: 03/07/2022 01:16 PM] |
Filing 5 ORDER filed consolidating case 22-1232 with 22-1189. Cross-appeal appellant: DGS CONSTRUCTION, LLC, Copies to all parties. Mailed to: Courtney Woods. [1001122876] [22-1189, 22-1232] RE [Entered: 03/07/2022 01:11 PM] |
Filing 4 ORDER filed rescinding briefing order. Copies to all parties. Mailed to: Courtney Woods. [1001122871] [22-1189] RE [Entered: 03/07/2022 01:07 PM] |
Filing 3 BRIEFING ORDER filed. Mailed to: Courtney Woods. Paper copy requirements are temporarily suspended unless the case is under pre-argument review or being scheduled for argument, in which case a total of four paper copies of formal briefs and appendices are required. [1001117162] Opening Brief and Appendix due 04/06/2022. Response Brief due 05/06/2022 [22-1189] RE [Entered: 02/25/2022 10:28 AM] |
Filing 2 DOCKETING NOTICE issued Re: [ # 1 ] case. Originating case number: 8:16-cv-03350-TDC. Mailed to: Courtney Woods. [1001117161] [22-1189] RE [Entered: 02/25/2022 10:27 AM] |
Filing 1 Case docketed. Originating case number: 8:16-cv-03350-TDC. Case manager: REdwards. [1001117147] [22-1189] RE [Entered: 02/25/2022 10:21 AM] |
Access additional case information on PACER
Access the Case Summary and Docket Report to access additional information about this case on the US Court's PACER system. A subscription to PACER is required.
Disclaimer: Justia Dockets & Filings provides public litigation records from the federal appellate and district courts. These filings and docket sheets should not be considered findings of fact or liability, nor do they necessarily reflect the view of Justia.