Firearms Regulatory Accountability Coalition, Inc., et al v. Merrick B. Garland, et al
Firearms Regulatory Accountability Coalition, Inc., State of West Virginia, State of North Dakota, State of Alabama, State of Alaska, State of Arkansas, State of Florida, State of Georgia, State of Idaho, State of Indiana, State of Iowa, State of Kansas, State of Kentucky, State of Louisiana, State of Mississippi, State of Missouri, State of Montana, State of Nebraska, State of New Hampshire, State of Oklahoma, State of South Carolina, State of South Dakota, State of Tennessee, State of Utah, State of Virginia, State of Wyoming, NST Global, LLC, doing business as SB Tactical, B&T USA, LLC and Richard Cicero |
Merrick B. Garland, in his Official Capacity, as Attorney General of the United States, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, The and Steven Dettelbach, in his Official Capacity, as Director of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives |
Members of Congress |
23-3230 |
October 6, 2023 |
U.S. Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit |
Other Statutes |
Docket Report
This docket was last retrieved on December 4, 2023. A more recent docket listing may be available from PACER.
Document Text |
---|
Paper copies Amicus Brief, [ # 5338427-2 ] filed by Members of Congress 10 paper copies received. [5341123] [23-3230] (MTB) [Entered: 12/04/2023 11:21 AM] |
LETTER from Appellant State of Missouri regarding Withdrawal of Counsel. w/service 11/30/2023 [5340179] [23-3230] (JPJ) [Entered: 11/30/2023 10:38 AM] |
BRIEF FILED - AMICUS BRIEF filed by Members of Congress w/service 11/27/2023 , Length: 4,744 words 10 COPIES OF PAPER BRIEFS (WITHOUT THE APPELLATE PDF FOOTER) FROM Members of Congress due 12/04/2023 WITH certificate of service for paper briefs [5338427] [23-3230] (MTB) [Entered: 11/27/2023 09:40 AM] |
AMICUS/INTERVENOR brief of Members of Congress submitted for review. The time for filing the subsequent brief (if any) does not begin to run until the brief has been approved and filed. [5338008] [23-3230] (BKW) [Entered: 11/22/2023 08:47 AM] |
PUBLIC DOCKET NOTE: Amicus party Members of Congress is made up of the following entities: Kevin Cramer, Marsha Blackburn, John Barrasso, Ted Budd, Bill Cassidy, Tom Cotton, Steve Daines, Joni Ernst, Deb Fischer, John Hoeven, Cindy Hyde-Smith, James Lankford, Cynthia Lummis, Roger Marshall, Mitch McConnell, Rick Scott, Dan Sullivan, Thom Tillis, Tommy Tuberville, Robert B. Aderholt, Mark Amodei, Andy Barr, Aaron Bean, Cliff Benz, Dan Bishop, Michael Burgess, Buddy Carter, Andrew Clyde, Tom Cole, Mike Collins, Warren Davidson, DesJarlais, Byron Donalds, Jeff Duncan, Chuck Edwards, Ron Estes, Drew Ferguson, Michelle Fischbach, Chuck Fleishmann, Virginia Foxx, Russell Fry, Russ Fulcher, Paul A. Gosar, Glenn Grothman, Harriet M. Hageman, Diana Harshbarger, Ashley Hinson, Richard Hudson, Mike Kelly, Doug LaMalfa, Nick Langworthy, Debbie Lesko, Thomas Massie, Mary Miller, Alex Mooney, Ralph Norman, Andy Ogles, Burgess Owens, Guy Reschenthaler, John Rose, Adrian Smith, Jason Smitch, Elise Stefanik, Greg Steube, Claudia Tenney, Glenn Thompson, Tim Walberg, Joe Wilson and Rudy Yakym. [5338181] [23-3230] (BNW) [Entered: 11/22/2023 12:51 PM] |
Brief deficiency notice sent to counsel, Attorney Mr. Bryan K. Weir for Amicus on Behalf of Appellant(s) Members of Congress. [5338182] [23-3230] (BNW) [Entered: 11/22/2023 12:53 PM] |
AMICUS/INTERVENOR brief of Members of Congress submitted for review. The time for filing the subsequent brief (if any) does not begin to run until the brief has been approved and filed. [5338312] [23-3230] (BKW) [Entered: 11/22/2023 06:37 PM] |
Paper copies Appellant/Petitioner Brief, [ # 5336284-2 ] filed by B&T USA, LLC, Richard Cicero, Firearms Regulatory Accountability Coalition, Inc., NST Global, LLC, State of Alabama, State of Alaska, State of Arkansas, State of Florida, State of Georgia, State of Idaho, State of Indiana, State of Iowa, State of Kansas, State of Kentucky, State of Louisiana, State of Mississippi, State of Missouri, State of Montana, State of Nebraska, State of New Hampshire, State of North Dakota, State of Oklahoma, State of South Carolina, State of South Dakota, State of Tennessee, State of Utah, State of Virginia, State of West Virginia and State of Wyoming 10 paper copies received. w/Addendum attached [5337095] [23-3230] (MTB) [Entered: 11/20/2023 11:21 AM] |
RECORD FILED - JOINT APPENDIX, 3 volumes, Comments: 3 copies per volume [5337099] [23-3230] (MTB) [Entered: 11/20/2023 11:24 AM] |
BRIEF FILED - APPELLANT BRIEF filed by B&T USA, LLC, Richard Cicero, Firearms Regulatory Accountability Coalition, Inc., NST Global, LLC, State of Alabama, State of Alaska, State of Arkansas, State of Florida, State of Georgia, State of Idaho, State of Indiana, State of Iowa, State of Kansas, State of Kentucky, State of Louisiana, State of Mississippi, State of Missouri, State of Montana, State of Nebraska, State of New Hampshire, State of North Dakota, State of Oklahoma, State of South Carolina, State of South Dakota, State of Tennessee, State of Utah, State of Virginia, State of West Virginia and State of Wyoming. w/service 11/16/2023 , Length: 12,984 words 10 COPIES OF PAPER BRIEFS (WITHOUT THE APPELLATE PDF FOOTER) FROM B&T USA, LLC, Richard Cicero, Firearms Regulatory Accountability Coalition, Inc., NST Global, LLC, State of Alabama, State of Alaska, State of Arkansas, State of Florida, State of Georgia, State of Idaho, State of Indiana, State of Iowa, State of Kansas, State of Kentucky, State of Louisiana, State of Mississippi, State of Missouri, State of Montana, State of Nebraska, State of New Hampshire, State of North Dakota, State of Oklahoma, State of South Carolina, State of South Dakota, State of Tennessee, State of Utah, State of Virginia, State of West Virginia and State of Wyoming due 11/21/2023 WITH certificate of service for paper briefs. Brief of Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Steven Dettelbach and Merrick B. Garland due on 12/18/2023 [5336284] [23-3230] (MTB) [Entered: 11/16/2023 10:01 AM] |
ADDENDUM of APPELLANT FILED by Appellants B&T USA, LLC, Richard Cicero, Firearms Regulatory Accountability Coalition, Inc., NST Global, LLC, State of Alabama, State of Alaska, State of Arkansas, State of Florida, State of Georgia, State of Idaho, State of Indiana, State of Iowa, State of Kansas, State of Kentucky, State of Louisiana, State of Mississippi, State of Missouri, State of Montana, State of Nebraska, State of New Hampshire, State of North Dakota, State of Oklahoma, State of South Carolina, State of South Dakota, State of Tennessee, State of Utah, State of Virginia, State of West Virginia and State of Wyoming , w/service 11/16/2023 [5336287] [23-3230] (MTB) [Entered: 11/16/2023 10:02 AM] |
Addendum of APPELLANT submitted for review by B&T USA, LLC, Richard Cicero, Firearms Regulatory Accountability Coalition, Inc., NST Global, LLC, State of Alabama, State of Alaska, State of Arkansas, State of Florida, State of Georgia, State of Idaho, State of Indiana, State of Iowa, State of Kansas, State of Kentucky, State of Louisiana, State of Mississippi, State of Missouri, State of Montana, State of Nebraska, State of New Hampshire, State of North Dakota, State of Oklahoma, State of South Carolina, State of South Dakota, State of Tennessee, State of Utah, State of Virginia, State of West Virginia and State of Wyoming. To open/view this addendum, you must first login to CM/ECF and then open the document link in your Notice of Docket Activity. [5336130] [23-3230] (SJO) [Entered: 11/15/2023 03:54 PM] |
APPELLANT brief of B&T USA, LLC, Richard Cicero, Firearms Regulatory Accountability Coalition, Inc., NST Global, LLC, State of Alabama, State of Alaska, State of Arkansas, State of Florida, State of Georgia, State of Idaho, State of Indiana, State of Iowa, State of Kansas, State of Kentucky, State of Louisiana, State of Mississippi, State of Missouri, State of Montana, State of Nebraska, State of New Hampshire, State of North Dakota, State of Oklahoma, State of South Carolina, State of South Dakota, State of Tennessee, State of Utah, State of Virginia, State of West Virginia and State of Wyoming submitted for review. The time for filing the subsequent brief (if any) does not begin to run until the brief has been approved and filed. To open/view this brief, you must first login to CM/ECF and then open the document link in your Notice of Docket Activity. Only direct recipients on accounts can open this document. [5336128] [23-3230] (SJO) [Entered: 11/15/2023 03:51 PM] |
REPLY to motion injunction pending appeal [ # 5324655-2 ], response [ # 5328305-2 ] filed by Appellants B&T USA, LLC, Richard Cicero, Firearms Regulatory Accountability Coalition, Inc., NST Global, LLC, State of Alabama, State of Alaska, State of Arkansas, State of Florida, State of Georgia, State of Idaho, State of Indiana, State of Iowa, State of Kansas, State of Kentucky, State of Louisiana, State of Mississippi, State of Missouri, State of Montana, State of Nebraska, State of New Hampshire, State of North Dakota, State of Oklahoma, State of South Carolina, State of South Dakota, State of Tennessee, State of Utah, State of Virginia, State of West Virginia and State of Wyoming w/service 10/27/2023. [5330595] [23-3230] (SJO) [Entered: 10/27/2023 03:11 PM] |
DESIGNATION of record filed by Appellants B&T USA, LLC, Richard Cicero, Firearms Regulatory Accountability Coalition, Inc., NST Global, LLC, State of Alabama, State of Alaska, State of Arkansas, State of Florida, State of Georgia, State of Idaho, State of Indiana, State of Iowa, State of Kansas, State of Kentucky, State of Louisiana, State of Mississippi, State of Missouri, State of Montana, State of Nebraska, State of New Hampshire, State of North Dakota, State of Oklahoma, State of South Carolina, State of South Dakota, State of Tennessee, State of Utah, State of Virginia, State of West Virginia and State of Wyoming. w/service 10/20/2023 [5327991] [23-3230] (SJO) [Entered: 10/20/2023 09:07 AM] |
METHOD of appendix preparation filed by Appellants B&T USA, LLC, Richard Cicero, Firearms Regulatory Accountability Coalition, Inc., NST Global, LLC, State of Alabama, State of Alaska, State of Arkansas, State of Florida, State of Georgia, State of Idaho, State of Indiana, State of Iowa, State of Kansas, State of Kentucky, State of Louisiana, State of Mississippi, State of Missouri, State of Montana, State of Nebraska, State of New Hampshire, State of North Dakota, State of Oklahoma, State of South Carolina, State of South Dakota, State of Tennessee, State of Utah, State of Virginia, State of West Virginia and State of Wyoming - Joint Appendix - w/service 10/20/2023 [5327987] [23-3230] (SJO) [Entered: 10/20/2023 09:03 AM] |
STATEMENT of issues filed by Appellants B&T USA, LLC, Richard Cicero, Firearms Regulatory Accountability Coalition, Inc., NST Global, LLC, State of Alabama, State of Alaska, State of Arkansas, State of Florida, State of Georgia, State of Idaho, State of Indiana, State of Iowa, State of Kansas, State of Kentucky, State of Louisiana, State of Mississippi, State of Missouri, State of Montana, State of Nebraska, State of New Hampshire, State of North Dakota, State of Oklahoma, State of South Carolina, State of South Dakota, State of Tennessee, State of Utah, State of Virginia, State of West Virginia and State of Wyoming - w/service 10/20/2023. [5327993] [23-3230] (SJO) [Entered: 10/20/2023 09:09 AM] |
Certificate of transcript filed by Appellants B&T USA, LLC, Richard Cicero, Firearms Regulatory Accountability Coalition, Inc., NST Global, LLC, State of Alabama, State of Alaska, State of Arkansas, State of Florida, State of Georgia, State of Idaho, State of Indiana, State of Iowa, State of Kansas, State of Kentucky, State of Louisiana, State of Mississippi, State of Missouri, State of Montana, State of Nebraska, State of New Hampshire, State of North Dakota, State of Oklahoma, State of South Carolina, State of South Dakota, State of Tennessee, State of Utah, State of Virginia, State of West Virginia and State of Wyoming. No Transcript[5327986] [23-3230] (SJO) [Entered: 10/20/2023 08:59 AM] |
APPEARANCE filed by Benjamin R. Lewis for Appellees Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Steven Dettelbach, Merrick B. Garland and Appellant Firearms Regulatory Accountability Coalition, Inc. w/service 10/20/2023 [5328296] [23-3230] (BL) [Entered: 10/20/2023 03:03 PM] |
RESPONSE in opposition to motion injunction pending appeal [ # 5324655-2 ] filed by Attorney Mr. Sean Janda for Appellees Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Steven Dettelbach and Merrick B. Garland , w/service 10/20/2023. [5328305] [23-3230] (SJ) [Entered: 10/20/2023 03:14 PM] |
APPEARANCE filed by Joshua N. Turner for Appellant State of Idaho w/service 10/13/2023 [5325926] [23-3230] (JNT) [Entered: 10/13/2023 11:42 AM] |
APPEARANCE filed by Thomas M. Johnson, Jr. for Appellants Firearms Regulatory Accountability Coalition, Inc., NST Global, LLC, B&T USA, LLC and Richard Cicero w/service 10/13/2023 [5325933] [23-3230] (TMJ) [Entered: 10/13/2023 11:49 AM] |
APPEARANCE filed by J. Emory Smith, Jr. for Appellant State of South Carolina w/service 10/13/2023 [5326066] [23-3230] (JES) [Entered: 10/13/2023 02:58 PM] |
APPEARANCE filed by Peter M. Torstensen, Jr. for Appellant State of Montana w/service 10/12/2023 [5325394] [23-3230] (PMT) [Entered: 10/12/2023 10:59 AM] |
APPEARANCE filed by Jesse A. Burris for Appellant State of Kansas w/service 10/12/2023 [5325541] [23-3230] (JB) [Entered: 10/12/2023 02:05 PM] |
APPEARANCE filed by Jeff P. Johnson for Appellant State of Missouri w/service 10/12/2023 [5325646] [23-3230] (JPJ) [Entered: 10/12/2023 03:16 PM] |
APPEARANCE filed by Christian B. Corrigan for Appellant State of Montana w/service 10/12/2023 [5325391] [23-3230] (CBC) [Entered: 10/12/2023 10:56 AM] |
APPEARANCE filed by Joshua M. Divine for Appellant State of Missouri w/service 10/12/2023 [5325640] [23-3230] (JD) [Entered: 10/12/2023 03:13 PM] |
APPEARANCE filed by Jessica M. Alloway for Appellant State of Alaska w/service 10/11/2023 [5325162] [23-3230] (JMA) [Entered: 10/11/2023 03:52 PM] |
APPEARANCE filed by Whitney Hermandorfer for Appellant State of Tennessee w/service 10/11/2023 [5324878] [23-3230] (WDH) [Entered: 10/11/2023 10:28 AM] |
APPEARANCE filed by Stephen J. Petrany for Appellant State of Georgia w/service 10/11/2023 [5324841] [23-3230] (SJP) [Entered: 10/11/2023 10:04 AM] |
APPEARANCE filed by Christopher A. Bates for Appellant State of Utah w/service 10/10/2023 [5324376] [23-3230] (CAB) [Entered: 10/10/2023 11:49 AM] |
APPEARANCE filed by Eric J. Hamilton for Appellant State of Nebraska w/service 10/10/2023 [5324276] [23-3230] (EJH) [Entered: 10/10/2023 10:26 AM] |
APPEARANCE filed by Charles David McGuigan for Appellant State of South Dakota w/service 10/10/2023 [5324252] [23-3230] (CDM) [Entered: 10/10/2023 10:03 AM] |
APPEARANCE filed by Benjamin J. Sand for Appellants B&T USA, LLC, Richard Cicero, Firearms Regulatory Accountability Coalition, Inc. and NST Global, LLC w/service 10/10/2023 [5324417] [23-3230] (BJS) [Entered: 10/10/2023 12:22 PM] |
APPEARANCE filed by Natalie Christmas for Appellant State of Florida w/service 10/10/2023 [5324305] [23-3230] (NC) [Entered: 10/10/2023 10:50 AM] |
APPEARANCE filed by Edmund G. LaCour Jr. for Appellant State of Alabama w/service 10/10/2023 [5324478] [23-3230] (EGL) [Entered: 10/10/2023 02:19 PM] |
APPEARANCE filed by Melissa A. Holyoak for Appellant State of Utah w/service 10/10/2023 [5324667] [23-3230] (MAH) [Entered: 10/10/2023 06:22 PM] |
MOTION (EMERGENCY) for Injunction Pending Appeal, filed by Mr. Stephen J. Obermeier for Appellants B&T USA, LLC, Richard Cicero, Firearms Regulatory Accountability Coalition, Inc. and NST Global, LLC, Mr. Philip J. Axt for Appellant State of North Dakota, Mr. Charles Edmond Brasington for Appellant State of Alaska, Mr. Jesse Burris for Appellant State of Kansas, Mr. Brandon F. Chase for Appellant State of New Hampshire, Ms. Natalie Christmas for Appellant State of Florida, Mr. Christian Brian Corrigan for Appellant State of Montana, Ms. Betsy M. Denardi for Appellant State of Indiana, Mr. Andrew N. Ferguson for Appellant State of Virginia, Mr. Garry M. Gaskins, II for Appellant State of Oklahoma, Mr. Eric James Hamilton for Appellant State of Nebraska, Ms. Whitney D. Hermandorfer for Appellant State of Tennessee, Ms. Melissa Ann Holyoak for Appellant State of Utah, Mr. Dylan L. Jacobs for Appellant State of Arkansas, Mr. Jeff P. Johnson for Appellant State of Missouri, Mr. Edmund G. LaCour, Jr. for Appellant State of Alabama, Mr. Justin L. Matheny for Appellant State of Mississippi, Mr. Charles David McGuigan for Appellant State of South Dakota, Ms. Elizabeth B. Murrill for Appellant State of Louisiana, Mr. Stephen John Petrany for Appellant State of Georgia, Mr. Ryan Schelhaas for Appellant State of Wyoming, Ms. Lindsay Sara See for Appellant State of West Virginia, Mr. Aaron J. Silletto for Appellant State of Kentucky, Mr. James Emory Smith, Jr. for Appellant State of South Carolina, Mr. Joshua N. Turner for Appellant State of Idaho and Mr. Eric H. Wessan for Appellant State of Iowa w/service 10/10/2023. [5324655] [23-3230]--[Edited to correct filing relief 10/11/2023 by AMT] (SJO) [Entered: 10/10/2023 05:03 PM] |
APPEARANCE filed by Jeremy J. Broggi for Appellants Firearms Regulatory Accountability Coalition, Inc., NST Global, LLC, B&T USA, LLC and Richard Cicero w/service 10/09/2023 [5324097] [23-3230] (JJB) [Entered: 10/09/2023 09:24 AM] |
APPEARANCE filed by Eric H. Wessan for Appellant State of Iowa w/service 10/09/2023 [5324098] [23-3230] (EHW) [Entered: 10/09/2023 09:26 AM] |
***DOCUMENT LOCKED*** APPEARANCE filed by Thomas M. Johnson, Jr. for Appellants Firearms Regulatory Accountability Coalition, Inc., NST Global, LLC, B&T USA, LLC and Richard Cicero w/service 10/09/2023 [5324096] [23-3230]--[Edited 10/13/2023 by MTB]The document has been refiled with corrected information. (TMJ) [Entered: 10/09/2023 09:22 AM] |
APPEARANCE filed by Matthew F. Kuhn for Appellant State of Kentucky w/service 10/09/2023 [5324093] [23-3230] (MFK) [Entered: 10/09/2023 07:59 AM] |
APPEARANCE filed by Boyd Garriott for Appellants B&T USA, LLC, Richard Cicero, Firearms Regulatory Accountability Coalition, Inc. and NST Global, LLC w/service 10/09/2023 [5324099] [23-3230] (BG) [Entered: 10/09/2023 09:30 AM] |
APPEARANCE filed by Stephen J. Obermeier for Appellants Firearms Regulatory Accountability Coalition, Inc., NST Global, LLC, B&T USA, LLC and Richard Cicero w/service 10/09/2023 [5324094] [23-3230] (SJO) [Entered: 10/09/2023 09:14 AM] |
APPEARANCE filed by Michael D. Faucette for Appellants Firearms Regulatory Accountability Coalition, Inc., NST Global, LLC, B&T USA, LLC and Richard Cicero w/service 10/09/2023 [5324095] [23-3230] (MDF) [Entered: 10/09/2023 09:19 AM] |
APPEARANCE filed by Morgan E. Brungard for Appellant State of Louisiana w/service 10/09/2023 [5324112] [23-3230] (MEB) [Entered: 10/09/2023 01:58 PM] |
APPEARANCE filed by Justin L. Matheny for Appellant State of Mississippi w/service 10/09/2023 [5324113] [23-3230] (JLM) [Entered: 10/09/2023 02:11 PM] |
APPEARANCE filed by Andrew N. Ferguson for Appellant State of Virginia w/service 10/09/2023 [5324115] [23-3230] (ANF) [Entered: 10/09/2023 02:34 PM] |
APPEARANCE filed by Dylan L. Jacobs for Appellant State of Arkansas w/service 10/09/2023 [5324100] [23-3230] (DLJ) [Entered: 10/09/2023 09:38 AM] |
APPEARANCE filed by Zach West for Appellant State of Oklahoma w/service 10/09/2023 [5324105] [23-3230] (ZPW) [Entered: 10/09/2023 11:10 AM] |
APPEARANCE filed by Michael R. Williams for Appellant State of West Virginia w/service 10/09/2023 [5324101] [23-3230] (MRW) [Entered: 10/09/2023 09:38 AM] |
CORPORATE disclosure statement filed by Appellants Firearms Regulatory Accountability Coalition, Inc., NST Global, LLC, B&T USA, LLC and Richard Cicero. - FOR CAL [5324102] [23-3230] (SJO) [Entered: 10/09/2023 09:45 AM] |
Originating court document filed consisting of notice of appeal, docket entries, and Order Denying Motion for Preliminary Injunction 9/12/23 [5323989] [23-3230] (MMH) [Entered: 10/06/2023 03:48 PM] |
BRIEFING SCHEDULE SET AS FOLLOWS: Appendix due on 11/15/2023. BRIEF OF APPELLANT B&T USA, LLC, Richard Cicero, Firearms Regulatory Accountability Coalition, Inc., NST Global, LLC, State of Alabama, State of Alaska, State of Arkansas, State of Florida, State of Georgia, State of Idaho, State of Indiana, State of Iowa, State of Kansas, State of Kentucky, State of Louisiana, State of Mississippi, State of Missouri, State of Montana, State of Nebraska, State of New Hampshire, State of North Dakota, State of Oklahoma, State of South Carolina, State of South Dakota, State of Tennessee, State of Utah, State of Virginia, State of West Virginia and State of Wyoming due 11/15/2023. Appellee brief is due 30 days from the date the court issues the Notice of Docket Activity filing the brief of appellant. [5323999] [23-3230] (MMH) [Entered: 10/06/2023 03:52 PM] |
Civil case docketed. [5323958] [23-3230] (MMH) [Entered: 10/06/2023 03:15 PM] |
APPEARANCE filed by Sean R. Janda for Appellees Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Steven Dettelbach and Merrick B. Garland w/service 10/06/2023 [5324043] [23-3230] (SJ) [Entered: 10/06/2023 04:25 PM] |
Access additional case information on PACER
Access the Case Summary and Docket Report to access additional information about this case on the US Court's PACER system. A subscription to PACER is required.
Disclaimer: Justia Dockets & Filings provides public litigation records from the federal appellate and district courts. These filings and docket sheets should not be considered findings of fact or liability, nor do they necessarily reflect the view of Justia.