Curran et al v. The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company et al
| Timothy Borland and Michael Curran |
| Compagnie Generale des Etablissements Michelin SCA, Pirelli & C S.p.A., Nokian Tyres plc, Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd., Kumho Tire Co., Yokohama Tire Corporation, The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, Toyo Tire Corporation, Hankook Tire & Technology Co., Ltd., Continental Tire the Americas, LLC, Continental Aktiengesellschaft, Kumho Tire U.S.A., Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd., Nokian Tyres Inc., Bridgestone Americas, Inc, Nokian Tyres North America, Inc., Michelin North America Inc, Toyo Tire U.S.A. Corp., Bridgestone Corporation, Nokian Tyres U.S. Operation LLC, Hankook Tire America Corp., Pirelli Tire LLC, Sumitomo Rubber North America, Inc., GITI Tire Global Trading Pte. Ltd. and Giti Tire (USA) Ltd. |
| 5:2024rt55021 |
| June 21, 2024 |
| U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Ohio |
| Sara Lioi(MDL3107) |
| Anti-Trust |
| 28 U.S.C. § 1331 Fed. Question: Anti-trust |
| Plaintiff |
Docket Report
RSS Track this Docket
This docket was last retrieved on June 21, 2024. A more recent docket listing may be available from PACER.
| Document Text |
|---|
| Filing 45 CASE TRANSFERRED IN from District of New York Southern. Case number 1:24-cv-01419. Electronic file, transfer order and docket sheet received. |
| Filing 44 CERTIFIED TRUE COPY OF CONDITIONAL MDL TRANSFER OUT ORDER FROM THE MDL PANEL...transferring this action from the U.S.D.C. - S.D.N.Y to the United States District Court - Northern District of Ohio. (Signed by MDL Panel on 6/7/2024) (vba) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| MDL TRANSFER OUT ELECTRONICALLY: to the United States District Court - Northern District of Ohio.(vba) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| Filing 43 RULE 7.1 CORPORATE DISCLOSURE STATEMENT. Identifying Corporate Parent GITI Tire Global Enterprise Pte. Ltd. for Giti Tire (USA) Ltd.. Document filed by Giti Tire (USA) Ltd...(Gelozin, Rebecca) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| Filing 42 NOTICE OF APPEARANCE by Rebecca Rose Gelozin on behalf of Giti Tire (USA) Ltd...(Gelozin, Rebecca) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| Filing 41 NOTICE OF APPEARANCE by Peter Joseph Larkin on behalf of Giti Tire (USA) Ltd...(Larkin, Peter) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| Filing 40 NOTICE OF APPEARANCE by John Michael Majoras on behalf of Yokohama Tire Corporation..(Majoras, John) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
Filing 39
ORDER granting #38 Motion for John M. Majoras to Appear Pro Hac Vice. (HEREBY ORDERED by Judge Edgardo Ramos)(Text Only Order) (jar) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.]
|
| >>>NOTICE REGARDING PRO HAC VICE MOTION. Regarding Document No. #38 MOTION for John M. Majoras to Appear Pro Hac Vice . Motion and supporting papers to be reviewed by Clerk's Office staff.. The document has been reviewed and there are no deficiencies. (sgz) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| Filing 38 MOTION for John M. Majoras to Appear Pro Hac Vice . Motion and supporting papers to be reviewed by Clerk's Office staff. Document filed by Yokohama Tire Corporation. (Attachments: #1 Affidavit of John M. Majoras, #2 Supplement Certificate of Good Standing (District of Columbia), #3 Supplement Certificate of Good Standing (Ohio), #4 Proposed Order for Admission Pro Hac Vice).(Majoras, John) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| Filing 37 FILING ERROR - PDF ERROR - MOTION for John M. Majoras to Appear Pro Hac Vice . Filing fee $ 200.00, receipt number ANYSDC-29339236. Motion and supporting papers to be reviewed by Clerk's Office staff. Document filed by Yokohama Tire Corporation. (Attachments: #1 Affidavit of John M. Majoras, #2 Supplement Certificate of Good Standing (District of Columbia)), #3 Supplement Certificate of Good Standing (Ohio), #4 Proposed Order for Admission Pro Hac Vice).(Majoras, John) Modified on 5/10/2024 (bc). [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| >>>NOTICE REGARDING DEFICIENT MOTION TO APPEAR PRO HAC VICE. Notice to RE-FILE Document No. #37 MOTION for John M. Majoras to Appear Pro Hac Vice . Filing fee $ 200.00, receipt number ANYSDC-29339236. Motion and supporting papers to be reviewed by Clerk's Office staff. The filing is deficient for the following reason(s): missing Certificate of Good Standing from Supreme Court of Ohio;. Re-file the motion as a Motion to Appear Pro Hac Vice - attach the correct signed PDF - select the correct named filer/filers - attach valid Certificates of Good Standing issued within the past 30 days - attach Proposed Order.. (bc) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
|
Filing 36
ORDER granting #35 Motion for Kaley Fendall to Appear Pro Hac Vice. (HEREBY ORDERED by Judge Edgardo Ramos)(Text Only Order) (jar) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.]
|
| >>>NOTICE REGARDING PRO HAC VICE MOTION. Regarding Document No. #35 MOTION for Kaley Fendall to Appear Pro Hac Vice (Receipt Number ANYSDC-29299549). Motion and supporting papers to be reviewed by Clerk's Office staff.. The document has been reviewed and there are no deficiencies. (bc) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| Filing 35 MOTION for Kaley Fendall to Appear Pro Hac Vice (Receipt Number ANYSDC-29299549). Motion and supporting papers to be reviewed by Clerk's Office staff. Document filed by Toyo Tire U.S.A. Corp.. (Attachments: #1 Affidavit in Support of Motion for Admission Pro Hac Vice, #2 Exhibit A - Certificate of Good Standing, #3 Proposed Order for Admission of Kaley Fendall Pro Hac Vice).(Fendall, Kaley) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| Filing 34 RULE 7.1 CORPORATE DISCLOSURE STATEMENT. Identifying Corporate Parent Yokohama Corporation of North America for Yokohama Tire Corporation. Document filed by Yokohama Tire Corporation..(Healey, Aaron) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| Filing 33 NOTICE OF APPEARANCE by Aaron Michael Healey on behalf of Yokohama Tire Corporation..(Healey, Aaron) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| Filing 32 NOTICE OF APPEARANCE by Tracy V. Schaffer on behalf of Yokohama Tire Corporation..(Schaffer, Tracy) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| >>>NOTICE REGARDING DEFICIENT MOTION TO APPEAR PRO HAC VICE. Notice to RE-FILE Document No. #31 MOTION for Kaley Fendall to Appear Pro Hac Vice . Filing fee $ 200.00, receipt number ANYSDC-29299549. Motion and supporting papers to be reviewed by Clerk's Office staff. The filing is deficient for the following reason(s): missing Certificate of Good Standing from Supreme Court of Oregon;. Re-file the motion as a Motion to Appear Pro Hac Vice - attach the correct signed PDF - select the correct named filer/filers - attach valid Certificates of Good Standing issued within the past 30 days - attach Proposed Order.. (bc) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| Filing 31 FILING ERROR - PDF ERROR - MOTION for Kaley Fendall to Appear Pro Hac Vice . Filing fee $ 200.00, receipt number ANYSDC-29299549. Motion and supporting papers to be reviewed by Clerk's Office staff. Document filed by Toyo Tire U.S.A. Corp.. (Attachments: #1 Affidavit in Support of Motion for Admission Pro Hac Vice, #2 Exhibit A - Certificate of Good Standing, #3 Proposed Order for Admission of Kaley Fendall Pro Hac Vice).(Fendall, Kaley) Modified on 5/2/2024 (bc). [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| Filing 30 NOTICE OF APPEARANCE by Gerald A. Stein on behalf of Toyo Tire U.S.A. Corp...(Stein, Gerald) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
|
Filing 29
ORDER granting #28 Letter Motion for Extension of Time to Answer re #28 CONSENT LETTER MOTION for Extension of Time to File Answer or Otherwise Respond to the Complaint addressed to Judge Edgardo Ramos from Adam C. Hemlock dated April 30, 2024., #1 Complaint,. The Court will so order the parties' stipulation, as set forth in paragraph 15 of this letter motion. SO ORDERED. (All Defendants.) (Signed by Judge Edgardo Ramos on 4/30/24) (yv) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.]
|
| Filing 28 CONSENT LETTER MOTION for Extension of Time to File Answer or Otherwise Respond to the Complaint addressed to Judge Edgardo Ramos from Adam C. Hemlock dated April 30, 2024. Document filed by Bridgestone Americas, Inc...(Hemlock, Adam) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| Filing 27 RULE 7.1 CORPORATE DISCLOSURE STATEMENT. Identifying Corporate Parent Bridgestone Corporation for Bridgestone Americas, Inc.. Document filed by Bridgestone Americas, Inc...(Hemlock, Adam) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| Filing 26 NOTICE OF APPEARANCE by Adam C. Hemlock on behalf of Bridgestone Americas, Inc...(Hemlock, Adam) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| Filing 25 NOTICE OF APPEARANCE by David Lender on behalf of Bridgestone Americas, Inc...(Lender, David) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| Filing 24 SUMMONS RETURNED EXECUTED Summons and Complaint,,, served. The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company served on 4/24/2024, answer due 5/15/2024. Service was accepted by Stephanie Gibson, Authorized Agent. Document filed by Michael Curran..(Warshaw, Daniel) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| Filing 23 SUMMONS RETURNED EXECUTED. Kumho Tire U.S.A. served on 4/19/2024, answer due 5/10/2024. Service was accepted by Dongju Lee, Agent for Service. Document filed by Timothy Borland; Michael Curran..(Warshaw, Daniel) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| Filing 22 SUMMONS RETURNED EXECUTED. Nokian Tyres Inc. served on 4/11/2024, answer due 5/2/2024. Service was accepted by Samantha Sutton of National Registered Agents, Inc., Agent Authorized to Accept Service. Document filed by Timothy Borland; Michael Curran..(Warshaw, Daniel) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| Filing 21 SUMMONS RETURNED EXECUTED. Toyo Tire U.S.A. Corp. served on 4/15/2024, answer due 5/6/2024. Service was accepted by Samantha Agoura, Person in Charge who is Authorized to Accept Service. Document filed by Timothy Borland; Michael Curran..(Warshaw, Daniel) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| Filing 20 SUMMONS RETURNED EXECUTED. Yokohama Tire Corporation served on 4/12/2024, answer due 5/3/2024. Service was accepted by Jacqueline Mejia of CT Corporation System, Agent Authorized to Accept Service. Document filed by Timothy Borland; Michael Curran..(Warshaw, Daniel) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| Filing 19 SUMMONS RETURNED EXECUTED. Pirelli Tire LLC served on 4/12/2024, answer due 5/3/2024. Service was accepted by Alisha Smith of Corporation Service Company, Agent Authorized to Accept Service. Document filed by Timothy Borland; Michael Curran..(Warshaw, Daniel) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| Filing 18 SUMMONS RETURNED EXECUTED. Sumitomo Rubber North America, Inc. served on 4/12/2024, answer due 5/3/2024. Service was accepted by Koy Saechao of CSC Lawyers Incorporating Service, Agent Authorized to Accept Service. Document filed by Timothy Borland; Michael Curran..(Warshaw, Daniel) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| Filing 17 SUMMONS RETURNED EXECUTED. Giti Tire (USA) Ltd. served on 4/12/2024, answer due 5/3/2024. Service was accepted by Koy Saechao of CSC Lawyers Incorporating Service, Agent Authorized to Accept Service. Document filed by Timothy Borland; Michael Curran..(Warshaw, Daniel) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| Filing 16 SUMMONS RETURNED EXECUTED. Nokian Tyres U.S. Operation LLC served on 4/12/2024, answer due 5/3/2024. Service was accepted by Samantha Sutton of National Registered Agents, Inc., Agent Authorized to Accept Service. Document filed by Timothy Borland; Michael Curran..(Warshaw, Daniel) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| Filing 15 SUMMONS RETURNED EXECUTED. Michelin North America Inc. served on 4/11/2024, answer due 5/2/2024. Service was accepted by Lisa Culler of CT Corporation System, Agent Authorized to Accept Service. Document filed by Timothy Borland; Michael Curran..(Warshaw, Daniel) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| Filing 14 SUMMONS RETURNED EXECUTED. Continental Tire The Americas, LLC served on 4/11/2024, answer due 5/2/2024. Service was accepted by Lisa Culler of CT Corporation System, Agent Authorized to Accept Service. Document filed by Timothy Borland; Michael Curran..(Warshaw, Daniel) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| Filing 13 SUMMONS RETURNED EXECUTED. Bridgestone Americas, Inc. served on 4/12/2024, answer due 5/3/2024. Service was accepted by Rene Conley Agent Authorized to Accept Service. Document filed by Timothy Borland; Michael Curran..(Warshaw, Daniel) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| Filing 12 SUMMONS RETURNED EXECUTED. Hankook Tire America Corp. served on 4/12/2024, answer due 5/3/2024. Service was accepted by Rene Conley Agent Authorized to Accept Service. Document filed by Timothy Borland; Michael Curran..(Warshaw, Daniel) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| Filing 11 ELECTRONIC SUMMONS ISSUED as to Bridgestone Americas, Inc., Bridgestone Corporation, Compagnie Generale des Etablissements Michelin SCA, Continental Aktiengesellschaft, Continental Tire The Americas, LLC, GITI Tire Global Trading Pte. Ltd., Giti Tire (USA) Ltd., Hankook Tire & Technology Co., Ltd., Hankook Tire America Corp., Kumho Tire Co., Kumho Tire U.S.A., Michelin North America Inc., Nokian Tyres Inc., Nokian Tyres North America, Inc., Nokian Tyres U.S. Operation LLC, Nokian Tyres plc, Pirelli & C. S.p.A, Pirelli Tire LLC, Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd., Sumitomo Rubber North America, Inc., The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, Toyo Tire Corporation, Toyo Tire U.S.A. Corp., Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd., Yokohama Tire Corporation..(jgo) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
|
Filing 10
ORDER granting #8 Motion for Bobby Pouya to Appear Pro Hac Vice. (HEREBY ORDERED by Judge Edgardo Ramos)(Text Only Order) (jar) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.]
|
|
Filing 9
ORDER granting #7 Motion for Daniel L. Warshaw to Appear Pro Hac Vice. (HEREBY ORDERED by Judge Edgardo Ramos)(Text Only Order) (jar) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.]
|
| Filing 8 MOTION for Bobby Pouya to Appear Pro Hac Vice . Filing fee $ 200.00, receipt number ANYSDC-29021252. Motion and supporting papers to be reviewed by Clerk's Office staff. Document filed by Timothy Borland, Michael Curran. (Attachments: #1 Affidavit of Bobby Pouya, #2 Proposed Order Granting Motion Pro Hac Vice).(Pouya, Bobby) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| Filing 7 MOTION for Daniel L. Warshaw to Appear Pro Hac Vice . Filing fee $ 200.00, receipt number ANYSDC-29021051. Motion and supporting papers to be reviewed by Clerk's Office staff. Document filed by Timothy Borland, Michael Curran. (Attachments: #1 Affidavit of Daniel L. Warshaw, #2 Proposed Order Granting Motion Pro Hac Vice).(Warshaw, Daniel) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| >>>NOTICE REGARDING PRO HAC VICE MOTION. Regarding Document No. #7 MOTION for Daniel L. Warshaw to Appear Pro Hac Vice . Filing fee $ 200.00, receipt number ANYSDC-29021051. Motion and supporting papers to be reviewed by Clerk's Office staff.. The document has been reviewed and there are no deficiencies. (bc) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| >>>NOTICE REGARDING PRO HAC VICE MOTION. Regarding Document No. #8 MOTION for Bobby Pouya to Appear Pro Hac Vice . Filing fee $ 200.00, receipt number ANYSDC-29021252. Motion and supporting papers to be reviewed by Clerk's Office staff.. The document has been reviewed and there are no deficiencies. (bc) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| Filing 6 STATEMENT OF RELATEDNESS re: that this action be filed as related to 1:24-cv-00881-ER. Document filed by Timothy Borland, Michael Curran. (Attachments: #1 Supplement Attachment A to Related Case Statement).(Rubinow, Laurie) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| Magistrate Judge Valerie Figueredo is designated to handle matters that may be referred in this case. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. Section 636(c) and Fed. R. Civ. P. 73(b)(1) parties are notified that they may consent to proceed before a United States Magistrate Judge. Parties who wish to consent may access the necessary form at the following link: #https://nysd.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/2018-06/AO-3.pdf. (vba) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| NOTICE OF CASE REASSIGNMENT to Judge Edgardo Ramos. Judge Unassigned is no longer assigned to the case. (vba) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| CASE ACCEPTED AS RELATED. Create association to 1:24-cv-01038-ER. Notice of Assignment to follow. (vba) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| CASE REFERRED TO Judge Edgardo Ramos as possibly related to 24-cv-1038. (jgo) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| Case Designated ECF. (jgo) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| CASE OPENING INITIAL ASSIGNMENT NOTICE: The above-entitled action is assigned to Judge Unassigned. .(jgo) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| ***NOTICE TO ATTORNEY REGARDING PARTY MODIFICATION. Notice to attorney Laurie Rubinow. The party information for the following party/parties has been modified: Michael Curran; Timothy Borland; Compagnie Gnrale des tablissements Michelin SCA. The information for the party/parties has been modified for the following reason/reasons: party name contained a typographical error; party text was omitted;. (jgo) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| ***NOTICE TO ATTORNEY REGARDING CIVIL CASE OPENING STATISTICAL ERROR CORRECTION: Notice to attorney Laurie Rubinow. The following case opening statistical information was erroneously selected/entered: County code New York;. The following correction(s) have been made to your case entry: the County code has been modified to XX Out of State;. (jgo) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| ***NOTICE TO ATTORNEY REGARDING DEFICIENT RELATED CASE STATEMENT. Notice to attorney Laurie Rubinow to RE-FILE Document No. #4 Statement of Relatedness,. The filing is deficient for the following reason(s): the PDF attached to the docket entry for the related case statement is not correct; caption error on the PDF of Earlier Filed Case;. Re-file the document using the event type Statement of Relatedness found under the event list Other Documents - select the correct filer - enter the related case number when prompted - and attach the correct PDF. (jgo) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| Filing 5 RULE 7.1 CORPORATE DISCLOSURE STATEMENT. No Corporate Parent. Document filed by Timothy Borland, Michael Curran..(Rubinow, Laurie) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| Filing 4 FILING ERROR - PDF ERROR - STATEMENT OF RELATEDNESS re: that this action be filed as related to 24-cv-1038. Document filed by Timothy Borland, Michael Curran. (Attachments: #1 Supplement Attachment A).(Rubinow, Laurie) Modified on 2/26/2024 (jgo). [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| Filing 3 REQUEST FOR ISSUANCE OF SUMMONS as to The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company; Compagnie Gnrale des tablissements Michelin SCA; Michelin North America Inc.; Bridgestone Corporation; Bridgestone Americas, Inc.; Continental Aktiengesellschaft; Continental Tire the Americas, LLC; Nokian Tyres plc; Nokian Tyres North America, Inc.; Nokian Tyres Inc.; Nokian Tyres U.S. Operation LLC; Pirelli & C. S.p.A; Pirelli Tire LLC; Hankook Tire & Technology Co., Ltd.; Hankook Tire America Corp.; Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd.; Yokohama Tire Corporation; Toyo Tire Corporation; Toyo Tire U.S.A. Corp.; Kumho Tire Co.; Kumho Tire U.S.A.; Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.; Sumitomo Rubber North America, Inc.; GITI Tire Global Trading Pte. Ltd.; and Giti Tire (USA) Ltd., re: #1 Complaint,,,. Document filed by Timothy Borland, Michael Curran. (Attachments: #1 Supplement Attachment A).(Rubinow, Laurie) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| Filing 2 CIVIL COVER SHEET filed. (Attachments: #1 Civil Cover Sheet Attachment A).(Rubinow, Laurie) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
| Filing 1 COMPLAINT against Bridgestone Americas, Inc., Bridgestone Corporation, Compagnie Gnrale des tablissements Michelin SCA, Continental Aktiengesellschaft, Continental Tire The Americas, LLC, GITI Tire Global Trading Pte. Ltd., Giti Tire (USA) Ltd., Hankook Tire & Technology Co., Ltd., Hankook Tire America Corp., Kumho Tire Co., Kumho Tire U.S.A., Michelin North America Inc., Nokian Tyres Inc., Nokian Tyres North America, Inc., Nokian Tyres U.S. Operation LLC, Nokian Tyres plc, Pirelli & C. S.p.A, Pirelli Tire LLC, Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd., Sumitomo Rubber North America, Inc., The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, Toyo Tire Corporation, Toyo Tire U.S.A. Corp., Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd., Yokohama Tire Corporation. (Filing Fee $ 405.00, Receipt Number ANYSDC-28990664)Document filed by Timothy Borland, Michael Curran..(Rubinow, Laurie) [Transferred from nysd on 6/21/2024.] |
Access additional case information on PACER
Use the links below to access additional information about this case on the U.S. Court's PACER system. A subscription to PACER is required.
Access this case on the Ohio Northern District Court's Electronic Court Filings (ECF) System
- Search for Party Aliases
- Associated Cases
- Attorneys
- Case File Location
- Case Summary
- Docket Report
- History/Documents
- Parties
- Related Transactions
- Check Status
Disclaimer: Justia Dockets & Filings provides public litigation records from the federal appellate and district courts. These filings and docket sheets should not be considered findings of fact or liability, nor do they necessarily reflect the view of Justia.
